Temas de Septimo

UNID1

Gramma

The present perfect yet already ever and before   

      
          

1. Ever: alguna vez

   Se usa en preguntas, después del sujeto y antes del pasado participio.

 Ejemplos:

o    Have you ever been to Brazil? (¿Alguna vez has estado en Brasil?)

o    Have you ever ridden a camel? (¿Alguna vez has montado en camello?)

2. Never: nunca

Se usa en oraciones afirmativas, después del auxiliar “have” y antes del pasado participio.

 Ejemplos:

o    I have never seen that movie. (Nunca he visto esa película)

o    He has never drunk Tequila. (Él nunca ha bebido Tequila)

3: Already: ya (para afirmativo)

Se utiliza en oraciones afirmativas para indicar que algo ocurrió antes de lo esperado; es escribe después del auxiliar “have” y antes del pasado participio.

Ejemplos:

o    We have already bought the book. (Ya le comprado el libro / Ya compré el libro)

o    They have already booked the hotel. (Ya he reservado el hotel / Ya reservé el hotel)

4. Yet: ya (para negativo) y aún ( para interrogativo)

4.1. En oraciones negativas el significado de esta palabra es “aún” y se ubica al final de la oración.

 Ejemplos:

o    She hasn’t finished the homework yet. (Ella aún no ha terminado la tarea.)

o    You haven’t driven your brand new car yet. (Ustedes aún no han conducido su nuevo auto.)

4.2En oraciones interrogativas esta palabra significa “ya” y se ubica al final de la pregunta.

Ejemplos:

o    Have you written the report yet? (¿Ya has escrito el reporte? / ¿Ya escribiste el reporte?)

o    Has he arrived yet? (¿Él ya ha llegado? / ¿Él ya llegó?)

5. Just: apenas o acabar de

Se usa para mostrar que una acción terminó hace unos pocos instantes o minutos.

 Ejemplos:

o    I have just called her. (La acabo de llamar)

o    They have just announced the nominees. (Acaban de anunciar los nominados)

EAT – ATE – EATEN (comido)

                     












   

SEE – SAW – SEEN (visto)

LOSE – LOST – LOST (perdido)  

  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkBEHg1AwyE0000000000000000

What is a Past Participle? Definition, 

Examples of English Past Participles

Past participle definition: A past participle is formed from a verb and modifies a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase. A past participle most often ends in –ed.

What does past participle mean? A past participle is formed from a verb. Because it is used to express actions that have already happened, it takes the past tense form. Most past participles end in -ed.

• Verb: to play

• Past participle: played

• Sentence: She had played for hours. (used in past perfect tense)

• Verb: to accelerate

• Past Participle: accelerated

• The speed at which the Zika virus is spreading in Puerto Rico has accelerated sharply, according to new federal data, complicating already difficult efforts to prevent thousands of pregnant women in the territory from infection. –The Wall Street Journal

• Verb: to buy

• Past participle: bought

• Social media sites are hot these days. Snapchat. Instagram. Even if Verizon had bought Pokemon Go, the mobile augmented reality app that has been around only a couple weeks and yet has tens of millions of people chasing make-believe creatures down streets and through parks, there might be more tongues wagging among analysts. –The Washington Post

Past Participle Examples:

Past Participles as Adjectives:examples of past participle tense Past participles can be used to as adjectives. In this way, they modify nouns or noun phrases.

Even though they are acting like adjectives, past participles still look like verbs. Finding their placement in a sentence is key to understanding how they are being used in a sentence.

Example:

Verb: to ruinPast participle: ruinedPast participle as adjective (modifying noun phrase): ruined my good moodSentence: The stormy weather ruined my good mood.In this sentence, ruined serves as an adjective to modify the noun phrase my good mood.

Example:

Verb: to break (irregular verb)Past participle: broken

Past participle as adjective: broken glassSentence: We were careful to avoid the broken glass.In this sentence, broken serves as an adjective to modify the noun glass.

Past Participles in Participle Phrases

past participle sentences Past participles can also be used to create past participle phrases which act as adjectives.

Even though they are acting like adjectives, past participles still look like verbs. Finding their placement in a sentence is key to understanding how they are being used in a sentence.

In a participle phrase, the participle usually is the first word.

Example:

Verb: to brush

Past participle: brushed

Past participle as participle phrase: brushed with a comb

Sentence: Brushed with a comb, the dog’s fur felt smooth.

In this sentence, brushed with a comb serves as an adjective in a participle phrase to modify the dog’s fur.

Verb: to wrack

Past participle: wracked

Past participle as participle phrase: wracked with doubt

Sentence: The child had a mind wracked with doubt.

In this sentence, wracked with doubt serves as an adjective in a participle phrase to modify the child’s mind.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVwe8cN3uAQ

UNID 2

Present perfecto for y since

Empleando el "present perfect" podemos definir un periodo de tiempo anterior al momento presente, considerando bien su duración, caso en el que utilizamos "for" + periodo temporal,, o bien su inicio o punto de partida, caso en el que utilizamos "since" + momento concreto. "For" y "since" pueden asimismo emplearse con el "past perfect". "Since" admite únicamente tiempos verbales perfectos. "For" puede también emplearse con el "simple past". 

"FOR" + PERIODO DE TIEMPO

for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours

I have worked here for five years.

"SINCE" + MOMENTO CONCRETO

since this morning, since last week, since yesterday

since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock

I have worked here since 1990.

"PRESENT PERFECT" CON "FOR"

She has lived here for twenty years.

We have taught at this school for a long time.

Alice has been married forthree months.

They have been at the hotel for a week.

"PRESENT PERFECT" CON "SINCE"

She has lived here since 1980.

We have taught at this school since 1965.

Alice has been married since March 2nd.

They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday

Would rather    

I would rather ('Yo prefiero', 'Yo preferiría') se utiliza como auxiliar de modalidad:

I would rather (o I'd rather) stay with you. Preferiría quedarme contigo.

What would you rather do instead? ¿Qué preferirías hacer en lugar de eso?

She'd rather not see me. Ella prefiere no verme.

Wouldn't you rather stay on the beach? ¿No preferirías quedarte en la playa?

•  Would rather va seguido normalmente del pasado de subjuntivo (que se conjuga como el pretérito simple, excepto para el verbo 'to be'):

Observación: el verbo to prefer es un sinónimo de would rather, aun cuando tiene un tono más formal, impersonal.

I'd rather (that) you came another time. Preferiría que vinieras en otra ocasión.

She would rather (that) he weren't so angry Preferiría que no estuviera tan enfadado.

Bruno would rather (that) Icarus didn't stay so late at the office Bruno preferiría que Icarus no se quedara hasta tan tarde en la oficina.

UNID 3

The future with will

Future – Will

We normally use WILL to speak about the future. It is always combined with another verb.

Since WILL is classified as a modal verb (like can, would, could, should) it has the same characteristics:

  1.It does not change in the third person (i.e. he, she, it)

  2.It is always combined with another verb in the base form (i.e. without 'to')

  3.We don't use it with 'Do' in questions or negatives.

Examples of Will:

•        I will go to the cinema tonight.

•        He will play tennis tomorrow.

•        She will be happy with her exam results.

•        They will take the bus to the South next week. 

When to use WILL

We use WILL in the following circumstances:

1. For things that we decide to do now. (Rapid Decisions)

This is when you make a decision at that moment, in a spontaneous way.

I'll call a taxi for you.

I think we'll go right now. (I just decided this right now)

Which one? Um, I will have the chicken sandwich please.

2. When we think or believe something about the future. (Prediction)

This can be based on personal judgement or opinion.

The President will not be re-elected at the next election.

I think it will rain later so take an umbrella with you.

I think you will find the movie interesting.

Notice how you often use "I think..." before the subject + will.

3. To make an offer, a promise or a threat.

You look tired. I'll finish the dishes for you.

I will do my best to help you.

If you say anything I will kill you!

I will have it ready by tomorrow.

I'll drive you to work if you want.

Don't worry, I won't tell anyone. (won't = will not)

4. For a habit that is a predictable behaviour

My daughter will fall asleep as soon as she is put into bed.

He will give up if he starts losing. He always does that.

5. You use WON'T when someone refuses to do something.

I told him to clean his room but he won't do it.

She won't listen to anything I say. 

Negative Sentences with WILL

In the negative, we add NOT to the end of WILL and not to the main verb. (= will not)

Examples:

I will not be in the office tomorrow. (correct)

I will be not in the office tomorrow. (Incorrect)

They will not stay here. (correct)

They will stay not here. (Incorrect)

Contractions

It is possible to use contractions in both positive and negative sentences.

With positive contractions WILL becomes 'LL and is joined to the subject:

With negative contractions, will not become won't:

Questions

To form a question using WILL, we reverse the order of the subject and WILL:

Examples:

Will they win the cup?

 Yes, they will.

 No, they won't.

Will you tell him the truth?

Yes, I will.

No, I won't.

Will she get angry?

Yes, she will.

No, she won't.

El uso de "had better" para expresar "más te vale" en inglés

¡Más te vale aprender bien la expresión had better! Usamos had better para dar consejos o recomendaciones en un tono más fuerte que el de should o must, casi como una amenaza.

La teoría

Had better siempre va seguido del infinitivo sin to. El sujeto simplemente se coloca antes de had, fíjate:

• You’d better be careful.
• It’d better be true.
• I’d better get going.

Se suele contraer had con el sujeto, a no ser que estemos hablando en un contexto muy formal.

Para formar la negación simplemente se coloca not inmediatamente después de better.

• You’d better not lie to me.

La práctica

Vamos con You'd better, pronunciado /íud_béta/.

Más te vale que me mires a los ojos cuando te hablo, ¡jovencito!	You’d better look me in the eye when I’m talking to you, young man!
¡Más vale que te des prisa o no llegaremos!	You’d better hurry up or we won’t make it!
Más te vale que ser tan bueno como dices.	You’d better be as good as you say you are.

Sigamos con otras personas gramaticales:

Más le vale estar seguro antes de hacer una promesa como esa.	He’d better be sure before making a promise like that.
Más me vale ponerme en marcha si quiero coger mi vuelo.	I’d better get going if I want to catch my flight.
Más nos vale regar las plantas a diario, o éstas también se nos morirán.	We’d better water the plants daily, or these ones will die on us too.

Vamos ahora con it’d better; al pronunciarlo, olvídate de la "d":  /itbéta/.

Más vale que no sea un fraude, o te llevaré a juicio.	It’d better not be a fraud, or I’ll take you to court.
Más vale que no esté lloviendo. ¡Acabo de lavar el coche!	It’d better not be raining. I’ve just washed my car!
Más vale que no sea él otra vez. ¡Ha llamado veinte veces hoy!	It’d better not be him again. He’s called twenty times today!